Risk management is a critical aspect of any business or organisation, and in the UK, it is taken very seriously. The UK has a robust framework for risk management, guided by various institutions and regulations that ensure businesses can identify, assess, and mitigate risks effectively.
The Institute of Risk Management (IRM) is a leading body in the UK that provides internationally recognised qualifications, training, and research in risk management. Their commitment to developing risk management professionals is evident through their extensive resources and events that cater to enhancing skills and knowledge in the field.
The UK government also plays a significant role in establishing risk management principles. The “Orange Book” is a guidance document published by the Government Finance Function and HM Treasury, which lays out the concepts and processes for risk management in government organizations. It complements other publications, such as the “Green Book”, which offers advice on appraisal and evaluation.
Moreover, the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 outlines the minimum requirements for risk assessment in the workplace. It mandates the identification of potential hazards, the evaluation of the likelihood and severity of harm, and the implementation of measures to control or eliminate risks.
The private sector in the UK is also bustling with companies specialising in risk management. These organisations offer a range of services, from consultancy to software solutions, helping businesses navigate the complexities of risk in various industries.
In conclusion, risk management in the UK is a multifaceted discipline supported by a strong institutional framework, government regulations, and a dynamic private sector. Whether it’s for public or private entities, the resources and expertise available within the UK provide a solid foundation for managing risks and safeguarding the interests of stakeholders. With the right approach and tools, organisations can turn risks into opportunities for growth and resilience.
Risk Management Top 10 for 2024
Common Risks Faced by UK Businesses: Navigating the Challenges of 2024
In the ever-evolving landscape of the business world, UK companies face a myriad of risks that can impact their operations and bottom line. As we delve into 2024, it is crucial for businesses to stay informed about the potential challenges they may encounter. Here’s an overview of the common risks that UK businesses are currently facing:
Cyber Incidents
Cybersecurity remains a top concern for UK businesses, with cyber incidents such as cybercrime, IT network disruptions, malware, ransomware, and data breaches leading the list of risks. The sophistication of cyber threats continues to grow, with hackers leveraging new technologies to exploit vulnerabilities. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered attacks has made it imperative for businesses to bolster their cyber defences and remain vigilant against these evolving threats
Business Interruption
Business interruption, including supply chain disruptions, holds the second spot on the risk list. The UK’s recent history with Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of business resilience. Companies must navigate import/export costs, cash-flow challenges, staff shortages, and the ripple effects of global events on their supply chains.
Natural Catastrophes
Climbing up the risk ladder, natural catastrophes such as storms, floods, earthquakes, and wildfires pose significant threats. Extreme weather events underscore the need for robust disaster recovery plans and insurance coverage to mitigate the financial and operational impacts of such incidents.
Shortage of Skilled Workforce
The scarcity of skilled professionals is a growing concern, affecting businesses’ ability to maintain productivity and innovation. This risk calls for strategic workforce planning and investment in training and development to bridge the skills gap.
Climate Change
The physical, operational, and financial risks associated with global warming continue to be a pressing issue. With climate change moving up the risk rankings, businesses must integrate sustainability into their core strategies and adapt to the changing regulatory landscape.
Political Risks and Violence
Political instability, terrorism, and civil unrest can disrupt business operations and pose security challenges. Companies must be prepared to respond to political risks and ensure the safety of their assets and personnel.
Legislative and Regulatory Changes
Changes in legislation and regulation, such as tariffs, economic sanctions, and protectionism, can have far-reaching effects on businesses. Staying abreast of legal developments and maintaining compliance is essential for operating within the law.
Macro-economic Developments
Economic shifts, including inflation, deflation, and monetary policies, can alter the business landscape. Organizations must be agile and ready to adjust their strategies in response to macro-economic changes.
New Technologies
The advent of new technologies brings both opportunities and risks. Innovations like AI, autonomous vehicles, and the Metaverse can transform industries, but they also introduce new challenges that businesses must navigate.
Market Developments
Lastly, market developments such as intensified competition, mergers and acquisitions, and market fluctuations require businesses to be competitive and adaptable to sustain growth and success.
In conclusion, UK businesses must adopt a proactive approach to risk management, staying informed and prepared for the diverse range of risks they face. By understanding these common risks and implementing effective strategies to address them, businesses can enhance their resilience and secure a competitive edge in the marketplace.
Risk Management in practice
Managing risk is a critical aspect of business strategy, especially in a dynamic and interconnected global economy. In the UK, businesses face a variety of risks that can impact their operations, reputation, and bottom line. Understanding these risks and implementing strategies to manage them is essential for business resilience and success.
Cyber Incidents
Cyber incidents top the list of risks for UK businesses in 2024, as they did in the previous year. The digital landscape is constantly evolving, and with it, the nature of cyber threats. Businesses must stay vigilant against cybercrime, IT network disruptions, malware, ransomware, and data breaches. Investing in robust cybersecurity measures, employee training, and incident response plans is crucial. Regularly updating IT infrastructure and adopting best practices for data protection can mitigate the risk of cyber incidents.
Business Interruption
Business interruption, including supply chain disruptions, remains a significant concern. The UK’s recent history with Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of business continuity planning. Companies should assess their supply chain vulnerabilities and develop strategies to ensure operational resilience. This may include diversifying suppliers, stockpiling critical inventory, and establishing alternative logistics arrangements.
Natural Catastrophes
The emergence of natural catastrophes as a top risk reflects the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Businesses should evaluate their exposure to natural disasters and consider insurance coverage as part of their risk management strategy. Additionally, developing disaster recovery plans and investing in infrastructure that can withstand extreme conditions are proactive steps businesses can take.
Shortage of Skilled Workforce
A shortage of skilled workers can hinder a business’s ability to grow and compete. To address this risk, companies should invest in training and development programs, foster a culture of continuous learning, and explore new recruitment channels. Building partnerships with educational institutions and offering apprenticeships or internships can also help bridge the skills gap.
Climate Change
The risks associated with climate change, such as physical, operational, and financial impacts, are increasingly recognized by UK businesses. Adopting sustainable practices, reducing carbon footprint, and integrating Environmental Social Governance (ESG) criteria into business operations can not only manage risk but also create opportunities for innovation and growth.
Political Risks and Violence
Political instability, terrorism, and other forms of political risk can have sudden and profound effects on businesses. Companies should monitor political developments and have contingency plans in place. Risk transfer mechanisms, such as political risk insurance, can provide financial protection against such uncertainties.
Legislative and Regulatory Changes
Changes in legislation and regulation, including tariffs and economic sanctions, can disrupt business activities. Staying informed about regulatory changes and engaging with policymakers can help businesses anticipate and adapt to new requirements. Compliance programs and legal counsel can ensure that businesses navigate these changes effectively.
Macro-economic Developments
Economic conditions such as inflation, deflation, and monetary policies can impact business performance. Businesses should conduct regular economic analyses and scenario planning to prepare for macro-economic shifts. Diversifying revenue streams and maintaining financial flexibility can provide a buffer against economic turbulence.
New Technologies
The advent of new technologies, including AI and the Metaverse, presents both opportunities and risks. Businesses should evaluate the potential impact of emerging technologies on their operations and industry. Investing in research and development and staying ahead of technological trends can turn these risks into competitive advantages.
Market Developments
Finally, market developments such as intensified competition and market fluctuations require businesses to be agile and responsive. Conducting market research, fostering innovation, and maintaining strong customer relationships can help businesses stay competitive in a changing market landscape.
Conclusion
In conclusion, managing risk is an ongoing process that requires attention, resources, and strategic thinking. By understanding the top risks facing UK businesses and taking proactive steps to address them, companies can build resilience and position themselves for long-term success.
Environmental permitting is a crucial aspect of environmental governance in England, ensuring that activities which could potentially impact the environment are regulated and monitored. The process is overseen by the Environment Agency and local authorities, depending on the scale and nature of the operation.
Permits are required for a wide range of activities, from industrial installations and waste operations to water discharge and groundwater activities. Environmental permitting aims to prevent pollution of the air, water, and land, manage flood risks, and protect land drainage. Operating without a permit when one is required is illegal and can result in significant penalties.
For businesses and individuals looking to understand whether they need an environmental permit, the UK government provides comprehensive guidance. This includes detailed information on what activities require a permit, how to apply, and the responsibilities of permit holders. The guidance is designed to help navigate the complexities of environmental regulation and ensure compliance with the law.
The environmental permitting process reflects the UK’s commitment to maintaining high environmental standards. It is a key part of the country’s efforts to reduce pollution, protect natural habitats, and promote sustainable development. For anyone involved in activities that could affect the environment, understanding and adhering to the permitting process is not just a legal obligation but also a step towards a more sustainable future.
For more detailed information on environmental permitting in England, resources are available on the Environment Agency’s official website, including core guidance documents and access to the public register for environmental information. These resources provide valuable insights into the regulatory framework and practical advice for compliance. Whether you are operating a large industrial facility or a small business, staying informed about environmental permits is essential for legal and environmental stewardship.
Steps to Environmental Permitting
Applying for an environmental permit in England is a structured process designed to ensure that businesses and activities comply with environmental regulations. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you understand how to apply for an environmental permit:
Determine the Type of Permit Required: First check if your activity is covered by a regulatory position statement (RPS), which may not require a permit if certain conditions are met. If your activity is exempt, you must still register your exemption with the Environment Agency. For non-exempt activities, determine whether you need a standard rules permit or a bespoke permit tailored to your specific business activities.
Pre-Application Advice: Utilise the Environment Agency’s pre-application advice service for basic guidance on the type of permit needed, application forms, and the correct application charge. For more complex requests, consider the enhanced (paid-for) advice service which can provide in-depth assistance on various aspects of the application process.
Prepare Your Application: Gather all necessary information and complete the required risk assessments. Develop a written management system that outlines how you will comply with the permit conditions.
Submit Your Application: Apply online for most standard rules environmental permits. Ensure your site meets the standard rules location criteria before submitting your application. For bespoke permits, follow the specific guidance provided by the Environment Agency to ensure your application addresses all necessary details.
Consultation Process: Be prepared for consultations on your permit application, which may involve public engagement or assessments of the potential impact on heritage and nature conservation sites.
After Application Submission: Once submitted, your application will be reviewed by the Environment Agency. This process may include inspections and further information requests.
Receiving Your Permit: If your application is successful, you will receive your permit, which will outline the conditions you must adhere to. It is crucial to understand and comply with these conditions to operate legally.
Ongoing Compliance: Adhere to the permit conditions and be aware of any reporting or monitoring requirements. Failure to comply can result in enforcement action or revocation of the permit.
Permit Changes or Transfers: If you need to change, transfer, or cancel your permit, follow the Environment Agency’s procedures to ensure continued compliance.
By following these steps and utilising the resources provided by the Environment Agency, applicants can navigate the environmental permitting process with greater ease and confidence. It is essential to approach this process with thorough preparation and a commitment to environmental stewardship.
Common Mistakes in Applying for an Environmental Permit
When applying for an environmental permit in England, it’s crucial to be aware of common pitfalls that can complicate or delay the process. Here are some mistakes to avoid:
Incomplete Applications: Submitting an application without all the necessary information can lead to delays. Ensure that every section is completed accurately.
Incorrect Permit Category: Applying for the wrong type of permit can result in rejection. Verify whether you need a standard rules permit or a bespoke permit based on your activity.
Overlooking Pre-Application Advice: Not taking advantage of the Environment Agency’s pre-application advice can lead to errors. This service can provide valuable guidance on the type of permit needed and the application process.
Poor Risk Assessments: Failing to conduct thorough risk assessments can result in an inadequate understanding of the potential environmental impacts, which is critical for the application.
Inadequate Management Systems: Not having a robust written management system that outlines how you will comply with permit conditions is a common oversight. This system is essential for demonstrating your commitment to environmental protection.
Delay in Responding to Requests: If the Environment Agency requests additional information, respond promptly. Delays can extend the processing time of your application.
Non-Compliance with Conditions: Not adhering to the conditions of your permit once granted can lead to enforcement action. It’s important to understand and comply with all conditions to avoid penalties.
Failure to Update Permit Details: If there are changes to your business that affect your permit, such as a change in processes or ownership, you must update your permit details accordingly.
Neglecting Public Consultation: Ignoring the consultation process can lead to opposition from the public or other stakeholders, which can impact the outcome of your application.
Lack of Preparation for Inspections: Unpreparedness for inspections by the Environment Agency can reveal non-compliance issues. Ensure your site is always compliant and ready for unannounced visits.
By avoiding these common mistakes and carefully preparing your application, you can streamline the permitting process and contribute to the protection of England’s environment. Remember, the key to a successful application is attention to detail, thorough preparation, and adherence to regulatory requirements.
How to ensure compliance with your environmental permit
Ensuring ongoing compliance with environmental permit conditions is a critical aspect of operating responsibly and legally in England. Here are some strategies to help maintain compliance:
Develop a Robust Management System
Your management system should detail how you will meet your permit conditions, including the management of risks and the implementation of pollution prevention measures. It should be a living document, regularly reviewed and updated to reflect any changes in operations or legislation.
Assign Responsibility
Clearly assign compliance tasks to specific team members. This ensures accountability and that everyone knows their role in maintaining compliance. Regular training and updates can keep the team informed and competent.
Conduct Regular Audits and Inspections
Self-audits and inspections can help identify potential compliance issues before they become problematic. Use these to check that operations align with permit conditions and to verify that control measures are effective.
Maintain Accurate Records
Keep detailed records of all activities related to your permit conditions. This includes monitoring data, training logs, incident reports, and any changes to operations or equipment that may affect compliance.
Stay Informed on Legal Updates
Environmental regulations can change. Stay informed by reviewing legal updates, participating in industry forums, and consulting with environmental professionals. This proactive approach can help you anticipate and adapt to new requirements.
Utilise Technology for Monitoring
Implementing environmental management software can help track compliance metrics, manage documentation, and alert you to upcoming deadlines or required reporting.
Engage with Regulators
Maintain open communication with the Environment Agency. They can provide guidance and help you understand your obligations. Engaging with regulators can also demonstrate your commitment to compliance.
Prepare for Environment Agency Inspections
The Environment Agency conducts assessments and inspections to ensure compliance. Be prepared for both announced and unannounced visits by maintaining your site in accordance with permit conditions at all times.
Respond Promptly to Non-Compliance
If you identify any non-compliance issues, address them immediately. Document your actions and notify the Environment Agency if required. Prompt action can mitigate environmental impacts and may reduce potential penalties.
Review and Update Emergency Plans
Have an up-to-date emergency plan for dealing with incidents that could impact the environment. Regularly test the plan and train staff to ensure an effective response if an incident occurs.
By implementing these strategies, businesses can not only comply with their environmental permit conditions but also contribute positively to environmental protection and sustainability. It’s not just about adhering to the law; it’s about being a responsible part of the community and protecting the natural resources that we all rely on.
Penalties for failing to comply with your environmental permit
Non-compliance with environmental permit conditions in England can lead to serious consequences, reflecting the importance of adhering to regulations designed to protect the environment. The Environment Agency, responsible for enforcing these laws, aims to ensure compliance and address any illegal activities that could harm the environment or public health.
Here are some of the potential consequences of non-compliance:
Enforcement Notices
The Environment Agency may issue enforcement notices requiring the permit holder to take specific actions to come back into compliance within a set timeframe.
Civil Sanctions
In cases of non-compliance, civil sanctions such as fixed or variable monetary penalties, compliance notices, restoration notices, stop notices, and enforcement undertakings may be imposed.
Criminal Prosecution
Serious breaches of permit conditions could lead to criminal prosecution, resulting in fines or imprisonment. This is reserved for the most severe cases of non-compliance.
Restoration or Remediation
The permit holder may be required to restore or remediate the environmental harm caused by the non-compliance, which can be costly and time-consuming.
Reputational Damage
Non-compliance can lead to negative publicity, affecting the public’s perception of the business and potentially leading to a loss of customer trust and revenue.
Operational Restrictions
The Environment Agency may impose restrictions on operations until compliance is achieved, which could limit business activities and impact profitability.
Revocation of Permit
In extreme cases, non-compliance can result in the revocation of the environmental permit, effectively ceasing the legal operation of the activity or facility.
Increased Scrutiny
Businesses that have been non-compliant may face increased scrutiny and more frequent inspections from the Environment Agency, adding to operational burdens.
Legal Costs
Non-compliance can lead to legal disputes and challenges, resulting in significant legal costs for the business involved.
Impact on Investment
Investors are increasingly considering environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. Non-compliance can make it difficult to secure investment or increase the cost of capital.
The Environment Agency’s enforcement and sanctions policy is designed to be outcome-focused, aiming to stop illegal activities, restore environmental harm, bring activities under regulatory control, and deter future offending. It is crucial for businesses to understand their environmental responsibilities and strive for full compliance to avoid these consequences and contribute positively to environmental protection and sustainability.
How to improve your environmental performance
In the pursuit of environmental excellence, going beyond mere compliance with regulations is a commendable goal that can yield significant benefits for businesses, society, and the planet. In England, where environmental stewardship is increasingly valued, companies have the opportunity to lead the way in sustainability and innovation. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how businesses can enhance their environmental performance beyond the basic requirements.
Embrace a Sustainability Mindset
Adopting a sustainability mindset involves integrating environmental considerations into every aspect of your business operations. This means going beyond the minimum standards set by regulations and seeking ways to reduce your environmental footprint. It’s about making sustainability a core value and driving force behind your business decisions.
Set Ambitious Environmental Targets
Setting ambitious environmental targets can motivate your organization to strive for greater improvements. These targets should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART), pushing the boundaries of what is required by law. They should also align with broader environmental goals, such as the UK’s commitment to net-zero emissions by 2050.
Implement Best Practices and Innovations
Research and adopt industry best practices and innovations that can reduce environmental impacts. This could include energy-efficient technologies, waste reduction techniques, or sustainable supply chain initiatives. Collaborating with other businesses and organizations can also lead to shared insights and advancements.
Engage in Environmental Reporting and Disclosure
Transparently reporting on your environmental performance can build trust with stakeholders and demonstrate your commitment to sustainability. Consider participating in voluntary reporting frameworks, such as the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) or the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), to showcase your environmental achievements and challenges.
Foster a Culture of Continuous Improvement
A culture of continuous improvement encourages employees at all levels to contribute ideas and take action to enhance environmental performance. Regular training, employee engagement initiatives, and recognition programs can support this culture, driving innovation and commitment from within.
Participate in Environmental Certification Programs
Environmental certification programs, like ISO 14001, provide a structured approach to managing environmental impacts. Certification can help businesses identify areas for improvement, streamline operations, and gain a competitive edge in the marketplace.
Invest in Community and Ecosystem Projects
Investing in community and ecosystem projects can enhance your company’s reputation and contribute to local environmental conservation efforts. Projects could include habitat restoration, biodiversity initiatives, or educational programs that raise environmental awareness.
Advocate for Stronger Environmental Policies
Businesses can play a crucial role in advocating for stronger environmental policies and regulations. By engaging with policymakers and industry groups, companies can help shape a regulatory environment that supports sustainability and innovation.
Monitor and Evaluate Performance Regularly
Regular monitoring and evaluation of environmental performance ensure that businesses can track progress, identify areas for improvement, and make data-driven decisions. Utilizing environmental management systems and software can aid in this process.
Seek External Recognition and Awards
Applying for external recognition and awards can validate your environmental efforts and inspire further action. Awards can also raise your profile as a leader in environmental performance, attracting customers, investors, and talent.
By implementing these strategies, businesses in England can not only meet but exceed environmental regulations, setting a standard for others to follow. Improving environmental performance is an ongoing journey that requires dedication, innovation, and a proactive approach. The rewards, however, are substantial, including cost savings, enhanced brand value, and a positive impact on the planet.
Some examples of excellence in environmental performance
Showcasing Excellence in Environmental Performance: Inspirational Companies Leading the Way
In the realm of environmental stewardship, certain companies stand out for their exceptional commitment to sustainability and their innovative approaches to reducing their ecological footprint. These organizations not only comply with environmental regulations but also go above and beyond to ensure that their operations contribute positively to the planet. Here are some exemplary companies that have made significant strides in environmental performance:
The BT Group
Headquartered in London, The BT Group is a communications services giant with a clear purpose: to use the power of technology to create a better world. The company has accelerated its rollout of full-fibre networks, aiming to reach 25 million premises by the end of 2026, thus fuelling economic recovery and enhancing connectivity. With EE, the UK’s fastest mobile network under its wing, The BT Group is committed to providing reliable and swift connections, all while maintaining a focus on environmental sustainability.
Reckitt
Reckitt, the British multinational consumer goods company, is on a transformative journey towards sustainable growth. With a portfolio of well-known brands like Durex, Dettol, and Gaviscon, Reckitt designs its products with the highest quality hygiene and wellness in mind. The company’s global community of over 43,000 individuals is dedicated to having a positive impact on communities worldwide, promoting a healthier planet and fostering a fairer society.
Barclays
As a leading British universal bank, Barclays has a rich history spanning over 325 years. The bank operates across more than 40 countries and employs approximately 83,500 people. Barclays is committed to sustainability, evident in its consumer banking and payments operations, as well as its full-service global corporate and investment banking. The company supports service companies that provide technology, operations, and functional services across the Group, all while upholding rigorous sustainability standards.
Schneider Electric
Schneider Electric, the European multinational energy and automation provider, has been recognized for its sustained commitment to environmental, social, and governance issues. The company’s strategy revolves around building a sustainable business that focuses on digital and renewable disruptors. Schneider Electric is actively working to reduce CO2 emissions and slow the rise of Earth’s temperature by focusing on protecting the planet and ensuring greater access to energy.
Ørsted
The Danish power company Ørsted has pledged to fight climate change through renewable energy. Rated as one of the most sustainable companies globally, Ørsted has been recognized as the most sustainable energy company in the world for three consecutive years. The company’s commitment to renewable energy is a testament to its dedication to combating climate change and leading the industry towards a greener future.
Tesla
Tesla is renowned for producing zero-emission electric vehicles and powering its facilities using solar technology. The company’s mission to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy is reflected in its innovative electric cars and renewable energy products.
IKEA
IKEA runs nearly 100% of its operations on renewable energy. The global furniture retailer is known for its commitment to sustainability, from sourcing sustainable raw materials to minimizing packaging waste with recyclable alternatives.
Patagonia
Patagonia, the outdoor clothing and gear company, is deeply engaged in environmental activism. It sources sustainable raw materials, limits packaging waste, repairs customer products for reuse, and actively participates in environmental conservation efforts.
These companies serve as beacons of environmental responsibility, demonstrating that it is possible to achieve commercial success while prioritizing the health of our planet. They inspire other businesses to follow suit, proving that sustainable practices can lead to a more resilient and prosperous future for all.
Small business can also play a part
Emulating Sustainability Practices: A Guide for Small Businesses
Small businesses play a vital role in the global economy and have the unique ability to implement and influence sustainable practices within their communities. While they may not have the same resources as larger corporations, small businesses can still make a significant impact on environmental stewardship. Here’s a guide on how small businesses can emulate the sustainability practices of leading companies:
Understand Your Environmental Impact
The first step is to understand your current environmental footprint. This involves assessing all aspects of your business operations, from energy usage to waste management. Tools like carbon calculators can help quantify your impact and identify areas for improvement.
Set Clear Sustainability Goals
Define clear, achievable sustainability goals for your business. Whether it’s reducing energy consumption by a certain percentage or achieving zero waste, having specific targets will provide direction and motivation for your sustainability efforts.
Embrace Energy Efficiency
Invest in energy-efficient appliances and equipment and consider renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power. Simple actions like switching to LED lighting can also reduce energy consumption and costs.
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Adopt a circular economy approach by minimizing waste. Encourage recycling and composting and consider how you can reuse materials within your business operations. Reducing packaging or using recyclable materials can also contribute to waste reduction.
Sustainable Supply Chains
Evaluate your supply chain and partner with suppliers who prioritize sustainability. This can include sourcing locally to reduce transportation emissions or choosing suppliers who use sustainable materials and practices.
Engage Your Customers
Educate your customers about your sustainability initiatives and encourage them to participate. This could involve offering incentives for returning packaging or providing information on how to recycle products at the end of their life cycle.
Foster a Green Workplace Culture
Create a workplace culture that values sustainability. Encourage employees to contribute ideas for improving environmental performance and provide training on sustainable practices.
Monitor and Report Progress
Regularly monitor your progress towards your sustainability goals and report on your achievements. This transparency can build trust with customers and stakeholders and can help you stay accountable.
Seek Continuous Improvement
Sustainability is an ongoing journey. Continuously seek ways to improve your environmental performance, stay informed about new technologies and practices, and be willing to adapt and innovate.
Collaborate and Share Knowledge
Collaborate with other businesses and organizations to share knowledge and best practices. Joining local business groups or sustainability networks can provide support and inspiration.
By following these steps, small businesses can make meaningful contributions to environmental sustainability. It’s not only about reducing negative impacts but also about creating positive change and setting an example for others to follow. Sustainability can lead to cost savings, improved brand reputation, and a better future for our planet.
For more detailed guidance and examples of how small businesses can introduce sustainable business strategies, explore the resources provided by GreenBiz, the World Economic Forum, and Inside Small Business. These platforms offer valuable insights and practical tips to help small businesses on their sustainability journey. Remember, every step towards sustainability, no matter how small, counts towards a larger impact on our environment.
Examples of small business excellence
Sustainability Success Stories: Small Businesses Making a Big Impact
The journey towards sustainability is not exclusive to large corporations; small businesses around the world are also making remarkable strides in implementing sustainable practices. These case studies highlight how small businesses have embraced sustainability, showcasing the innovative approaches and positive outcomes of their efforts.
UPS ORION: Enhancing Transportation Efficiency
UPS, a global leader in logistics, has implemented an AI system called ORION to optimize delivery routes, thereby reducing fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Although UPS is a large company, its ORION system serves as an inspiration for small businesses looking to improve their transportation efficiency. Small businesses can utilize public cloud route optimizer systems available as software services to achieve similar sustainability goals.
IKEA IWAY: Partnering with Sustainable Suppliers
IKEA’s supplier code of conduct, IWAY, ensures that its suppliers adhere to strict environmental and humanitarian standards. Small businesses can emulate this approach by establishing their own supplier guidelines that prioritize sustainability, thereby influencing their supply chain to adopt greener practices.
Lyft: Commitment to Carbon Neutrality
Lyft, the ride-hailing service, has made a commitment to carbon neutrality through various initiatives, including carbon offset programs. Small businesses can take a cue from Lyft by investing in carbon offset projects or by implementing policies that reduce their overall carbon footprint.
Patagonia: Environmental Activism and Ethical Practices
Patagonia, known for its outdoor clothing, integrates environmental activism into its business model. Small businesses can follow suit by engaging in environmental advocacy and adopting ethical practices that resonate with their customers and community.
Danone: Focusing on Health and Sustainability
Danone, the food products corporation, has placed a strong emphasis on health and sustainability. Small businesses in the food industry can look to Danone’s practices, such as sourcing ingredients sustainably and promoting healthy products, as a model for their own sustainability efforts.
Gusto: Promoting Social Sustainability
Gusto, a software firm, has made significant progress in addressing gender inequality within its workforce. Small businesses can implement similar social sustainability initiatives by focusing on diversity and inclusion in their hiring and workplace policies.
Swire Properties: Sustainable Construction Practices
Swire Properties has embraced green building practices in its construction projects, such as One Taikoo Place. Small businesses in the construction industry can incorporate sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs into their projects to reduce environmental impact.
These case studies demonstrate that sustainability is achievable and beneficial for businesses of all sizes. By adopting sustainable practices, small businesses not only contribute to environmental protection but also enhance their competitiveness and reputation. The key is to identify the sustainability strategies that align with the business’s values and capabilities and to implement them with commitment and creativity.
For small businesses seeking to embark on a sustainability journey, these examples serve as a source of inspiration and a blueprint for action. By learning from the successes of others, small businesses can navigate the path to sustainability with confidence and purpose.
The importance of Corporate governance in the United Kingdom has undergone significant evolution and refinement, especially in recent years. The UK Corporate Governance Code, which sets the standards of good practice in relation to board leadership and effectiveness, remuneration, accountability, and relations with shareholders, is a testament to the UK’s commitment to maintaining the highest standards of corporate governance.
The 2018 Corporate Governance Code was updated in January 2024, following a limited consultation that focused on a number of changes. This updated 2024 Code, which applies to financial years beginning on or after 1 January 2025, reflects the UK’s adaptive approach to corporate governance, ensuring that the framework remains relevant and continues to foster an environment of trust, transparency, and accountability.
The 2024 Code is separated into five sections: Board Leadership and Company Purpose; Division of Responsibilities; Composition, Succession and Evaluation; Audit, Risk and Internal Control; and Remuneration, and it operates on a ‘comply or explain’ basis. This edition of the Code includes a small number of changes from the 2018 Code. Provision 29 now asks boards to make a declaration in relation to the effectiveness of their material internal controls. A new Principle has been included to encourage companies to report on outcomes and activities. A number of provisions have been removed related to Audit Committees as these provisions are now within the Audit Committees and the External Audit: Minimum Standard.
One of the key aspects of the UK’s corporate governance model is the ‘comply or explain’ approach. This principle requires companies to either comply with the code or explain why they have not, which allows for flexibility and acknowledges that there may be legitimate reasons for non-compliance in certain circumstances. This approach has been influential and is considered a hallmark of the UK’s corporate governance system.
The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) plays a pivotal role in maintaining and updating the UK Corporate Governance Code. The FRC’s efforts to strengthen the code, particularly in response to the government’s consultation on Restoring Trust in Audit and Corporate Governance in 2022, demonstrate a proactive stance in enhancing the quality of risk management, internal controls, and the board’s consideration of corporate governance activities to achieve strategic objectives.
The latest revisions to the code include a new principle encouraging companies to report on outcomes and activities, and a provision asking boards to make a declaration regarding the effectiveness of their material internal controls. These changes underscore the importance of not just having a set of rules but also ensuring that these rules lead to tangible outcomes that enhance corporate governance practices.
Corporate governance is not just a concern for large, publicly traded companies; it is relevant for all businesses. While the UK Corporate Governance Code is specifically applicable to companies with a premium listing on the London Stock Exchange, many other companies choose to follow the code voluntarily. Moreover, large private companies are required to disclose their corporate governance arrangements under The Companies (Miscellaneous Reporting) Regulations 2018.
The focus on the importance of corporate governance in the UK reflects a broader global trend towards greater transparency, accountability, and sustainability in business practices. As companies face increasing scrutiny from investors, regulators, and the public, the UK’s corporate governance framework serves as a model for balancing the interests of various stakeholders and ensuring long-term, sustainable success.
For more detailed information on the UK Corporate Governance Code and its application, readers can refer to the resources provided by the FRC. The evolution of corporate governance in the UK is a clear indicator of the country’s dedication to fostering robust business practices that not only promote financial stability but also contribute to more inclusive societies.
The UK Corporate Governance Code serves as a benchmark for corporate governance standards in the UK, emphasizing the importance of good practices in board leadership and company purpose, division of responsibilities, composition, succession and evaluation, audit, risk and internal control, and remuneration. The Code operates on a ‘comply or explain’ basis, which allows companies the flexibility to deviate from the Code’s provisions, provided they offer a transparent explanation for doing so.
Key principles of the UK Corporate Governance Code
Board Leadership and Company Purpose: The board should promote the purpose of the company, ensure that the company’s values and strategy are aligned with its culture, and meet its responsibilities to shareholders and stakeholders alike.
Division of Responsibilities: There should be a clear division of responsibilities at the head of the company, ensuring a balance of authority and no individual has unfettered powers.
Composition, Succession, and Evaluation: Boards should be composed of an effective combination of skills, experience, independence, and knowledge of the company to enable them to discharge their duties and responsibilities effectively.
Audit, Risk, and Internal Control: The board should present a fair, balanced, and understandable assessment of the company’s position and prospects and maintain a sound system of risk management and internal control.
Remuneration: Executive remuneration should be aligned to the long-term success of the company and its values, and should be designed to promote effective risk management.
These principles are designed to foster trust and transparency between companies and their stakeholders, ensuring the long-term sustainability and success of businesses within the UK’s market economy. For a more comprehensive understanding of the Code and its provisions, the Financial Reporting Council’s official documentation provides detailed guidance.
The ‘comply or explain’ approach is a cornerstone of the UK Corporate Governance Code, offering flexibility and promoting transparency in how companies apply the principles of the code. This approach allows companies to either adhere to the code’s provisions or, if they do not, to provide a clear explanation for their non-compliance.
How companies typically comply with the code
This is how companies typically comply with the code:
Adherence to Provisions: Companies start by striving to comply with the provisions of the code as closely as possible. This involves aligning their corporate governance practices with the recommendations set out in the code.
Disclosure: If a company chooses not to follow a specific provision, it must disclose this fact in its annual report and accounts. The disclosure is not merely a statement of non-compliance but should include a reasoned explanation.
Explanation of Non-Compliance: The explanation should provide shareholders with a clear understanding of why the company has chosen a different path. This might include describing the context, the specific circumstances of the company, and how alternative measures are consistent with the overarching principles of the code.
Engagement with Shareholders: Companies often engage with their shareholders to discuss governance arrangements, especially when deviating from the code’s provisions. This engagement is crucial for maintaining shareholder trust and support.
Review and Monitoring: Companies regularly review their governance practices against the code’s provisions. This ongoing process helps ensure that their practices remain appropriate and effective over time.
Reporting Outcomes: The updated 2024 Code encourages companies to report on outcomes and activities, which means that companies are expected to provide insights into how their governance practices have impacted their performance and strategy.
The ‘comply or explain’ approach is not about rigidly following rules but about ensuring that companies have governance frameworks that are most effective for their particular circumstances. It recognizes that one size does not fit all and that companies can be successful with different governance models, provided they are transparent about their practices and the reasons for any deviations from the standard code.
For more detailed insights into how companies apply the ‘comply or explain’ approach, the Financial Reporting Council’s website offers a wealth of information and guidance.
Example
An ‘explain’ statement is a key feature of the UK Corporate Governance Code’s ‘comply or explain’ approach. It allows a company to articulate its reasons for deviating from a specific provision of the Code. Here is a hypothetical example of what such a statement might look like:
To our shareholders,
In accordance with the UK Corporate Governance Code, we present our ‘explain’ statement concerning our deviation from Provision 18, which relates to the composition of the Audit Committee.
As per the Code, the Audit Committee should comprise at least three independent non-executive directors. However, our company has appointed only two independent non-executive directors to this committee during the reported period.
The decision to operate with a smaller Audit Committee was made in the context of our company’s current stage of development and the specific challenges we faced over the past year. Given the specialized nature of our industry and the scarcity of individuals with the requisite expertise, we found it challenging to recruit additional directors who met the independence criteria without compromising the necessary industry experience.
We believe that the current members of the Audit Committee possess a deep understanding of the sector and the complex financial mechanisms relevant to our business. Their expertise has been invaluable in navigating the intricate issues we encountered, which were exacerbated by the unique economic pressures of the past year.
We have taken measures to mitigate the risks associated with having fewer members on the Audit Committee. These include the implementation of additional oversight mechanisms and the engagement of external advisors to assist the committee in its duties.
Our commitment to good corporate governance remains steadfast, and we continue to seek qualified candidates to expand the Audit Committee. We anticipate resolving this deviation from the Code’s provisions in the upcoming financial year.
We appreciate our shareholders’ understanding and are open to engaging further on this matter.
This example illustrates how a company might explain its reasons for not complying with a particular provision of the Code. The statement provides context, justifies the company’s decision, outlines the mitigating actions taken, and indicates a commitment to aligning with the Code’s provisions in the future. It’s important to note that each ‘explain’ statement will be unique to the company’s circumstances and should be crafted to provide shareholders with a clear and comprehensive understanding of the situation.
Importance of Corporate Governance and the Shareholders’ Response
Shareholders’ responses to ‘explain’ statements in the context of the UK Corporate Governance Code can vary, but they generally expect clear and rational explanations for any deviations from the code. The ‘comply or explain’ approach is designed to foster an environment of transparency and accountability, allowing shareholders to understand the reasons behind a company’s governance choices.
When a company provides an ‘explain’ statement, shareholders typically:
Evaluate the Explanation: Shareholders assess the explanation provided to determine if it is reasonable and justifiable given the company’s specific circumstances.
Engage in Constructive Dialogue: Investors may engage in discussions with the company to better understand their governance practices and the rationale behind not complying with certain provisions of the code
Consider Company’s Individual Circumstances: Shareholders and their advisors are encouraged to consider the company’s unique situation when evaluating ‘explain’ statements, rather than adopting a one-size-fits-all approach to corporate governance.
Exercise Voting Rights: Shareholders may use their voting rights at annual general meetings to express their approval or disapproval of the company’s governance practices.
Seek Additional Information: If the explanation is not satisfactory, shareholders may request further information or clarification from the company’s board.
Monitor Company’s Performance: Shareholders often monitor the company’s performance to ensure that the alternative governance arrangements are effective and do not adversely affect the company’s long-term success.
Use Stewardship Code as a Guide: In line with the UK Stewardship Code, investors should engage constructively and discuss any departures from recommended practice with the company.
It’s important to note that while some investors may accept well-reasoned explanations, others may view deviations from the code more critically, especially if they believe it could negatively impact the company’s performance or governance standards. In some cases, persistent non-compliance without satisfactory explanations can lead to shareholder activism or a loss of investor confidence.
Ultimately, the effectiveness of the ‘comply or explain’ approach hinges on the quality of the explanations provided and the active engagement of shareholders in the governance process. Companies are encouraged to be as transparent and detailed as possible in their explanations to maintain trust and support from their investors.
Openreach Limited has been fined £1.34 million in a prosecution brought by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) after an engineer tragically died working near river whilst trying to repair a telephone line.
Alun Owen, from Bethesda, died after he slipped and fell into the River Aber in Abergwyngregyn and was swept away on 6 October 2020. The 32-year-old has been described by his family as a ‘loving and selfless character’.
An investigation by the HSE and North Wales Police, found that a number of Openreach engineers had been attempting to repair the telephone lines, which ran across the river, over a period of two months. They had been working both near and in the river. At the time of the incident, there had been flooding in the area which meant the river was much higher and faster flowing than usual.
Mr Owen entered the water and made his way to an island in the middle of the river in order to try and throw a new telephone cable across to the other side by taping it to a hammer and then throwing the hammer. Whilst attempting to cross the remaining section of the river, he slipped in a deeper part and the force of the river swept him away.
The investigation found that there was no safe system of work in place for work on or near water, nor had Mr Owen – and others working by the river – received training, information or instruction on safe working on or near water.
Openreach Limited pleaded guilty to breaching Section 2 (1) of the Health and Safety at work etc. Act 1974. The company was fined £1.34 million and ordered to pay costs of £15,858.35 at Llandudno Magistrates’ Court on 5 June 2024.
“This was a tragic incident that resulted in the death of a much loved young man. Mr Owen’s family, friends and colleagues have always remained in our thoughts. His death would have been preventable had an effective system for working on or near water been in place. Mr Owen should not have been put in the unsafe working situation. Companies should learn the lessons from this incident if they have staff who may work on or near water and be aware that HSE will not hesitate to take appropriate enforcement action against those that fall below the required standards.”
HSE inspector Christina Roberts
North Wales Police Detective Chief Inspector Andy Gibson said:
“Our thoughts remain with Alun’s family at this difficult time. North Wales Police worked closely with HSE and whilst it was a protracted and lengthy investigation, it was critical that any failings were identified and acted upon.”
identify what could cause injury or illness in your business (hazards)
decide how likely it is that someone could be harmed and how seriously (the risk)
take action to eliminate the hazard, or if this isn’t possible, control the risk
Assessing risk is just one part of the overall process used to control risks in the workplace. For most small, low-risk businesses the steps that employers need to take are straightforward. Risk management is a step-by-step process for controlling health and safety risks caused by hazards in the workplace. An employer can undertake the risk assessment themselves or appoint a competent person to help. The five steps of a risk assessment are:
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Control the risks
Record your findings
Review the controls
Identify Hazards
Look around your workplace and think about what may cause harm (these are called hazards). Think about:
how people work and how plant and equipment are used
what chemicals and substances are used
what safe or unsafe work practices exist
the general state of your premises
Look back at previous accident and ill health records as these can help you identify less obvious hazards. Take account of non-routine operations, such as maintenance, cleaning or changes in production cycles. Think about hazards to health, such as manual handling, use of chemicals and causes of work-related stress. For each hazard, think about how employees, contractors, visitors or members of the public might be harmed.
Some workers have particular requirements, for example young workers, migrant workers, new or expectant mothers and people with disabilities. Ensure that you involve your employees as they will usually have good ideas.
Assess the risks
Once you have identified the hazards, decide how likely it is that someone could be harmed and how serious it could be – this is assessing the level of risk. In assessing the level of risk, decide:
Who might be harmed and how
What you’re already doing to control the risks
What further action you need to take to control the risks
Who needs to carry out the action
When the action is needed by
Control the risks
Look at what you are already doing, and the controls you already have in place to ensure the safety of workers and others. Consider:
Can I get rid of the hazard altogether?
If not, how can I control the risks so that harm is unlikely?
If you need further controls, consider:
redesigning the job
replacing the materials, machinery or process
organising your work to reduce exposure to the materials, machinery or process
identifying and implementing practical measures needed to work safely
providing personal protective equipment and making sure workers wear it
Put the controls you have identified in place. It is important to remember that you are not expected to eliminate all risks but you need to do everything ‘reasonably practicable’ to protect people from harm. This means balancing the level of risk against the measures needed to control the real risk in terms of money, time or trouble.
Record your findings
If you employ 5 or more people, you must record your significant findings, including:
the hazards (things that may cause harm)
who might be harmed and how
what you are doing to control the risks
The HSE has a number of example risk assessments on its website as a guide for employers. Employers should not rely purely on paperwork, as the main priority should be to control the risks in practice.
Review the controls
You must review the controls you have put in place to make sure they are working. You should also review them if:
they may no longer be effective
there are changes in the workplace that could lead to new risks such as changes to:
staff
a process
the substances or equipment used
Also consider a review if your workers have spotted any problems or there have been any accidents or near misses. You should then update your risk assessment record with any changes you make.
An employee died loading a lorry at a landscaping company which resulted in the company being fined following a prosecution brought by the Health and Safety Executive.
An East Yorkshire garden landscaping supply company has been fined £600,000 after an employee died while loading a lorry.
Brian White, 59, was working for Kelkay Limited when he was operating a forklift truck at the company’s site on Heck and Pollington Lane, Pollington, East Yorkshire, on 15 June 2018.
Brian was fatally injured when the lorry he was loading was moved by the driver, pulling the forklift truck over and trapping him underneath.
An investigation by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) found Kelkay Limited’s risk assessment failed to take into account the possibility of lorries moving while they are being loaded. HSE also found that the systems of work provided for ensuring that vehicles were not moved during loading activities were inadequate.
Kelkay Limited, of Heck and Pollington Lane, Pollington, East Yorkshire, pleaded guilty to breaching Section 2(1) of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The company was fined £600,000 and ordered to pay £20,848.71 in costs at Grimsby Magistrates’ Court on 30 March 2023.
HSE inspector John Boyle commented: “This incident could have been avoided by implementing the correct control measures and safe working practices.”
“Companies should be aware that HSE will not hesitate to take appropriate enforcement action against those that fall below the required standards.”
Loading Guidance
Loading and unloading can be dangerous. Machinery can seriously hurt people. Heavy loads, moving or overturning vehicles and working at height can all lead to injuries or death.
Loading and unloading areas should be:
Clear of other traffic, pedestrians and people not involved in loading or unloading.
Clear of overhead electric cables so there is no chance touching them, or of electricity jumping to ‘earth’ through machinery, loads or people.
Level. To maintain stability, trailers should be parked on firm level ground,
Loads should be spread as evenly as possible, during both loading and unloading. Uneven loads can make the vehicle or trailer unstable.
Loads should be secured or arranged so that they do not slide around. Racking may help stability.
Safety equipment must be considered. Mechanical equipment and heavy moving loads are dangerous. Guards or skirting plates may be necessary if there is a risk of anything being caught in machinery (for example dock levellers or vehicle tail lifts). There may be other mechanical dangers and safety procedures to be considered.
Ensure the vehicle or trailer has its brakes applied and all stabilisers are used. The vehicle should be as stable as possible.
In some workplaces it may be possible to install a harness system to protect people working at height. Provide a safe place where drivers can wait if they are not involved. Drivers should not remain in their cabs if this can be avoided. No-one should be in the loading/unloading area if they are not needed.
Vehicles must never be overloaded. Overloaded vehicles can become unstable, difficult to steer or be less able to brake.
Always check the floor or deck of the loading area before loading to make sure it is safe. Look out for debris, broken boarding, etc.
Loading should allow for safe unloading.
Loads must be suitably packaged. When pallets are used, the driver needs to check that they are in good condition and loads are properly secured to them. Employers must ensure that loads are safe on the vehicle. They may need to be securely attached to make sure they cannot fall off.
Tailgates and sideboards must be closed when possible. If over-hang cannot be avoided, it must be kept to a minimum. The over-hanging part of the load must be clearly marked.
If more than one company is involved, they should agree in advance how loading and unloading will happen. For example, if visiting drivers unload their vehicles themselves, they must receive the necessary instructions, equipment and co-operation for safe unloading. Arrangements will need to be agreed in advance between the haulier and the recipient.
Some goods are difficult to secure during transport. Hauliers and recipients will need to exchange information about loads in advance so that they can agree safe unloading procedures.
Checks must be made before unloading to make sure loads have not shifted during transit and are not likely to move or fall when restraints are removed.
There must be safeguards against drivers accidentally driving away too early. This does happen and is extremely dangerous. Measures could include:
Traffic lights.
The use of vehicle or trailer restraints.
The person in charge of loading or unloading could keep hold of the vehicle keys or paperwork until it is safe for the vehicle to be moved.
These safeguards would be especially effective where there could be communication problems, for example where foreign drivers are involved.
Electric shock prosecutions by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) highlight the dangers of working near overhead power cables. A construction company and two workers have been sentenced after a worker suffered an electric shock whilst working on a farm.
On 30 September 2019 an employee of Connop and Son Limited was working on Worton Grounds Farm, Deddington, Banbury, Oxon and pouring concrete when the floating arm of a mobile concrete pump came into contact with an overhead powerline.
As a result, the employee received an 11,000-volt shock which caused him to lose consciousness. His colleagues had to perform CPR to resuscitate him at the scene. The man was later taken to Oxford Hospital where he was in a coma for six days and hospitalised for 10 days.
The HSE investigation found that Connop & Son Limited fell far below the expected standard and failed to implement its own control measures documented within its risk assessment. Therefore, the company did not meet the requirements of regulation 14 of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989.
The HSE investigation also found that Alexander Maddan, a sole trader, failed to plan, manage and monitor the construction phase and failed to ensure reasonably practicable control measures were in place. Additionally, Shaun Walker, a concrete pump operator, failed to take reasonable care for the health and safety of himself and others who were affected by his acts or omissions.
Connop and Son Limited, of Folly Farm, Eardisland, Leominster pleaded guilty to breaching regulation 14 of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989. The company was fined £50,000 and ordered to pay costs of £5,425 plus a victim surcharge of £181 at Oxford Magistrates’ Court on 28 October 2022.
Alexander Maddan, of Deddington, Banbury, Oxon pleaded guilty to breaching regulation 13 (1) of Construction Design and Management Regulations 2015. Mr Maddan was fined £3,000 and ordered to pay costs of £525 plus a victim surcharge of £181 at Oxford Magistrates’ Court on 28 October 2022.
Shaun Walker, of Swinford Leys, Wombourne, Wolverhampton pleaded guilty to breaching section 7 of the Health and Safety at Work Act. Mr Walker was handed a 12-month community order with a requirement to carry out 60 hours of unpaid work and ordered to pay costs of £2,000 plus a victim surcharge of £90 at Oxford Magistrates’ Court on 28 October 2022.
“Connop and Son Limited, Alexander Maddan and Shaun Walker could have ensured that the mobile concrete pump lorry was positioned outside an exclusion zone to prevent contact with the overhead powerline.
“Companies should be aware that HSE will not hesitate to take appropriate enforcement action against those that fall below the required standards.”
HSE inspector Steve Hull
Electric shock safety guidance
Regulation 14 of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989, prohibits people working on or near any live conductor (other than one suitably covered with insulating material so as to prevent danger) that danger may arise unless–
it is unreasonable in all the circumstances for it to be dead; and
it is reasonable in all the circumstances for him to be at work on or near it while it is live; and
suitable precautions (including where necessary the provision of suitable protective equipment) are taken to prevent injury.
Employers and the self-employed must take appropriate precautions to safeguard workers and others who may be impacted by their activities. Any work activity to be undertaken near electrical cables must be properly planned and risk assessed with risks eliminated or reduced as far as reasonably practicable.
Accidental contact with live overhead power lines kills people and causes many serious injuries every year. People are also harmed when a person or object gets too close to a line and a flashover occurs. Work involving high vehicles or long equipment is particularly high risk, such as;
In Construction – Lorry mounted cranes (such as Hiabs or Palingers), Mobile Elevated Work Platforms (MEWP’s), scaffold poles, tipper vehicles, cranes, ladders;
Plan and manage work near electric overhead power lines so that risks from accidental contact or close proximity to the lines are adequately controlled. Safety precautions will depend on the nature of the work and will be essential even when work near the line is of short duration.
Safety can be achieved by a combination of measures including:
Planning and preparation
Eliminating the danger
Controlling the access
Controlling the work
Planning and preparation
The first step is to find out whether there is any overhead power line within or immediately next to the work area, or across any access route. Information will be available from the local electricity supplier or Distribution Network Operator (DNO). If any overhead lines are found, you should assume that they are live unless proved otherwise by their owners.
If there are any overhead lines over the work area, near the site boundaries, or over access roads to the work area, consult the owners of the lines so that the proposed plan of work can be discussed.
Allow sufficient time for lines to be diverted or made dead, or for other precautions to be taken.
Eliminating the danger
You can eliminate the danger by:
Avoidance – find out if the work really has to be carried out under or near overhead lines, and cannot be done somewhere else. Make sure materials (such as bales or spoil) are not placed near overhead lines, and temporary structures (such as polytunnels) are erected outside safe clearance distances;
Diversion – arrange for overhead lines to be diverted away from the work area; or Isolation – arrange for lines to be made dead while the work is being done.
In some cases you may need to use a suitable combination of these measures, particularly where overhead lines pass over permanent work areas. If the danger cannot be eliminated, you should manage the risk by controlling access to, and work beneath, overhead power lines.
Controlling the access
Where there is no scheduled work or requirement for access under the lines, barriers should be erected at the correct clearance distance away from the line to prevent close approach. The safe clearance distance should be ascertained from the Distribution Network Operator (DNO). HSE guidance documents Avoidance of danger from overhead electric power lines and Electricity at Work: Forestry and Arboriculture also provide advice on safe clearance distances and how barriers should be constructed. Where there is a requirement to pass beneath the lines, defined passageways should be made and clearly delineated.
The danger area should be made as small as possible by restricting the width of the passageway to the minimum needed for the safe crossing of plant. The passageway should cross the route of the overhead line at right angles if possible.
Controlling the work
If work beneath live overhead power lines cannot be avoided, barriers, goal posts and warning notices should be provided. Where field work is taking place, it may be impractical to erect barriers and goal posts around the overhead lines – these are more appropriate for use at gateways, on tracks and at access points to farmyards. The following precautions may also be needed to manage the risk:
Clearance – the safe clearance required beneath the overhead lines should be found by contacting the Distribution Network Operator (DNO);
Exclusion – vehicles, plant, machinery, equipment, or materials that could reach beyond the safe clearance distance should not be taken near the line;
Modifications – Vehicles such as cranes, excavators and tele-handlers should be modified by the addition of suitable physical restraints so that they cannot reach beyond the safe clearance distances, measures should be put in place to ensure these restraints are effective and cannot be altered or tampered with;
Maintenance – operators of high machinery should be instructed not carry out any work on top of the machinery near overhead power lines;
Supervision – access for plant and materials and the working of plant should be under the direct supervision of a suitable person appointed to ensure that safety precautions are observed.
What to do if you come into contact with an OHPL
If part of a vehicle or load is in contact with an OHPL, you should remain in the cab and inform the Distribution Network Operator (DNO) immediately (stick the number in a visible place in the cab and keep it on your mobile phone).
Warn others to stay away.
Try to drive clear. If this is not possible, and you need to leave the vehicle to escape fire, JUMP CLEAR – do not dismount by climbing down the steps.
Never try to disentangle equipment until the owner of the line has confirmed that it has been de-energised and made safe.
Contact with an overhead power line may cause the power to ‘trip out’ temporarily and it may be re-energised automatically, without warning. Your local Distribution Network Operator (DNO) can generally supply stickers describing emergency procedures and containing contact numbers that can be stuck in the cabs of vehicles likely to be used near overhead power lines.
A waste management company has been fined £190,000 after a contractor died when he fell seven metres while carrying out maintenance work and our ultimate safety guide to working at height will help avoid similar accidents in your business.
The experienced maintenance contractor was part of a team under the control and direction of Wiltshire-based Hills Waste Solutions Limited. He sustained fatal injuries in the fall on 18 November 2020, while working on a mechanical screening and separating plant on the Hills Waste Solutions site in Stephenson Road, Westbury.
An investigation by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) found that Hills Waste Solutions Limited failed to ensure that work at height was properly assessed and planned. The company failed to consider and identify how the necessary work at height could be carried out safely to ensure that the risk of falls was controlled.
Hills Waste Solutions Limited, of Swindon pleaded guilty to breaching Regulation 4(1) of the Work at Height Regulations 2005. The company was fined £190,000 and ordered to pay costs of £14,816, with a victim surcharge of £190 at Aldershot Magistrates’ Court on 17 August 2022.
“Those in control of work have a duty to assess the risks and devise safe methods of working and to provide the necessary information, instruction and training to those undertaking the work”.
“This incident could have been prevented had the work been adequately planned.”
HSE inspector Matt Tyler
Ultimate safety guide to working at height
The purpose of The Work at Height Regulations 2005 is to prevent death and injury caused by a fall from height. If you are an employer or you control work at height (for example facilities managers or building owners who may contract others to work at height) the Regulations apply to you, and you must take steps to eliminate or reduce the risks as far as reasonably practicable.
Employers and those in control of any work at height activity must make sure work is properly planned, supervised and carried out by competent people. This includes using the right type of equipment for working at height. Low-risk, relatively straightforward tasks will require less effort when it comes to planning.
Employers and those in control must first assess the risks.
Employees have general legal duties to take reasonable care of themselves and others who may be affected by their actions, and to co-operate with their employer to enable their health and safety duties and requirements to be complied with.
Step by step guide to working at height
Considering the risks associated with work at height and putting in place sensible and proportionate measures to manage them is an important part of working safely. Follow this simple step-by-step guide to help you control risks when working at height.
Can you avoid working at height in the first place?
Do as much work as possible from the ground. A health and safety manager who I worked with for many years always used to say, “the safest place to be when doing work at height is on the ground!” Some practical examples of this include:
using extendable tools from ground level to remove the need to climb a ladder
installing cables at ground level
lowering a lighting mast to ground level
ground level assembly of edge protection
If you cannot avoid working at height by the above measures, then you should put in place measures to prevent a fall.
Can you prevent a fall from occurring?
Falls can be prevented by taking measures such as (i) using an existing place of work that is already safe, e.g. a non-fragile roof with a permanent perimeter guardrail or, if not, using work equipment to prevent people from falling.
Some practical examples of collective protection when using an existing place of work such as a concrete flat roof with existing edge protection, or guarded mezzanine floor, or plant or machinery with fixed guard rails around it.
Some practical examples of collective protection using work equipment to prevent a fall:
mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs) such as scissor lifts
tower scaffolds
scaffolds
An example of personal protection using work equipment to prevent a fall would be using a work restraint (travel restriction) system that prevents a worker getting into a fall position.
Can you minimise the distance and or consequences of a fall?
If the risk of a person falling remains, you must take sufficient measures to minimise the distance and/or consequences of a fall. Practical examples of collective protection using work equipment to minimise the distance and consequences of a fall include safety nets and soft-landing systems, e.g. air bags, installed close to the level of the work.
An example of personal protection used to minimise the distance and consequences of a fall would be industrial rope access, e.g. working on a building façade, or a fall arrest system using a high anchor point.
Can I use ladders when working at height?
For tasks of low risk and short duration, ladders and stepladders can be a sensible and practical option. However, ladders should not automatically be your first choice. If your risk assessment determines it is correct to use a ladder, you should further minimise the risk by making sure workers:
use the right type of ladder for the job
are competent (you can provide adequate training and/or supervision to help)
use the equipment provided safely and follow a safe system of work
are fully aware of the risks and measures to help control them
There are simple, sensible precautions you should take to stay safe when using portable leaning ladders and stepladders in the workplace. Employers must make sure that workers use the right type of ladder and that they know how to use it safely.
Netting to prevent falls
When to use a ladder at work
Ladders can be used for work at height when an assessment of the risk for carrying out a task has shown that using equipment that offers a higher level of fall protection is not justified. This is because of the low risk and short duration of use, or there are existing workplace features which cannot be altered.
Short duration is not the deciding factor in establishing whether use of a ladder is acceptable – employers must have first considered risk. As a guide, if your task would require staying up a leaning ladder or stepladder for more than 30 minutes at a time, it is recommended you use alternative equipment.
You should only use ladders in situations where they can be used safely, e.g. where the ladder will be level and stable, and can be secured (where it is reasonably practicable to do so).
Know how to use a ladder safely when working at height
To use a ladder, workers must be competent or, if they are being trained, they should be working under the supervision of a competent person. Competence can be demonstrated through a combination of training, practical and theoretical knowledge, and experience. In addition, training should be appropriate for the task, and this includes knowing:
how to assess the risks of using a ladder for a particular task
when it is right to use a ladder (and when it is not)
which type of ladder to use and how to use it
How to check your ladder is safe before you use it
Employers must have procedures in place to ensure that before using a ladder, employees have access to user instructions from the manufacturer in case they need to refer to them and that workers always carry out a ‘pre-use’ check to spot any obvious visual defects to make sure the ladder is safe to use.
A pre-use check should be carried out:
by the person using the ladder
at the beginning of the working day
after something has changed, e.g., a ladder has been dropped or moved from a dirty area to a clean area (check the state or condition of the feet)
The check should include:
the stiles – make sure they are not bent or damaged, as the ladder could buckle or collapse
the feet – if they are missing, worn or damaged the ladder could slip. Also check the ladder feet when moving from soft/dirty ground (e.g. dug soil, loose sand/stone, a dirty workshop) to a smooth, solid surface (e.g. paving slabs), to make sure the actual feet and not the dirt (e.g. soil, chippings or embedded stones) are making contact with the ground
the rungs – if they are bent, worn, missing or loose, the ladder could fail
any locking mechanism – does the mechanism work properly? Are components or fixings bent, worn or damaged? If so, the ladder could collapse. Ensure any locking bars are fully engaged
the stepladder platform – if it is split or buckled, the ladder could become unstable or collapse
the steps or treads on stepladders – if they are contaminated, they could be slippery; if the fixings are loose on the steps, they could collapse
If employees identify any of the above defects, they should not use the ladders and should report the faults to the person in charge of the work.
Types of ladder and how to use them safely
Ultimate safety guide to working at height: Leaning ladders
When using a leaning ladder to carry out a task:
Only carry light materials and tools – read the manufacturer’s labels on the ladder and assess the risks
Do not overreach – make sure your belt buckle (or navel) stays within the stiles
Make sure the ladder is long enough or high enough for the task
Do not overload the ladder – consider your weight and the equipment or materials you are carrying before working at height
Check the pictogram or label on the ladder for any advisory information
To help make sure the ladder angle is at the safest position to work from- you should use the 1-in-4 rule. This is where the ladder should be one space or unit of measurement out for every four spaces or units up (a 75° angle)
Always grip the ladder and face the ladder rungs while climbing or descending – do not slide down the stiles
Do not try to move or extend the ladder while standing on the rungs
Do not work off the top three rungs. Try to make sure that the ladder extends at least 1 metre or three rungs above where you are working
Do not stand ladders on movable objects, such as pallets, bricks, lift trucks, tower scaffolds, excavator buckets, vans or mobile elevating work platforms
Avoid holding items when climbing (consider using a tool belt)
Do not work within 6 m horizontally of any overhead power line, unless it has been made dead or it is protected with insulation. Use a non-conductive ladder (e.g. fibreglass or timber) for any electrical work
Maintain three points of contact when climbing and wherever possible at the work position.
Where you cannot maintain a handhold, other than for a brief period (e.g. to hold a nail while starting to knock it in, start a screw etc), you will need to take other measures to prevent a fall or mitigate the consequences if one happened
Secure the ladder (e.g. by tying the ladder to prevent it from slipping either outwards or sideways) and have a strong upper resting point (i.e. do not rest it against weak upper surfaces such as glazing or plastic gutters)
Consider using an effective stability device (a device which, if used correctly, prevents the ladder from slipping, some types of ladders come with these)
Ultimate safety guide to working at height: Telescopic ladders
Telescopic ladders are a variation of leaning ladders but remember that they do not all work in the same way. They should always be used, stored and transported with care and kept clean. In addition to following this guidance, it is important you read and follow the user instructions provided by the manufacturer.
Before every use – in addition to the normal ladder checks – make sure they are operating correctly and that the mechanisms that lock each section are working properly.
Always follow the user instructions regarding the opening and closing procedure. Be aware of the potential for trapping fingers between the closing sections. Remember some of the important parts are inside where they cannot be seen. If you are in any doubt, do not use them.
Ultimate safety guide to working at height: Stepladders
Our ultimate safety guide to working at height would not be complete without mentioning stepladders. When using a stepladder to carry out a task:
Check all four stepladder feet are in contact with the ground and the steps are level
Only carry light materials and tools
Do not overreach
Do not stand and work on the top three steps (including a step forming the very top of the stepladder) unless there is a suitable handhold
Ensure any locking devices are engaged
Try to position the stepladder to face the work activity and not side on. However, there are occasions when a risk assessment may show it is safer to work side on, e.g. in a retail stock room when you cannot engage the stepladder locks to work face on because of space restraints in narrow aisles, but you can fully lock it to work side on
Try to avoid work that imposes a side loading, such as side-on drilling through solid materials (e.g. bricks or concrete)
Where side loadings cannot be avoided, you should prevent the steps from tipping over, e.g., by tying the steps. Otherwise, use a more suitable type of access equipment
Maintain three points of contact at the working position. This means two feet and one hand, or when both hands need to be free for a brief period, two feet and the body supported by the stepladder.
When deciding whether it is safe to carry out a particular task on a stepladder where you cannot maintain a handhold (e.g. to put a box on a shelf, hang wallpaper, or install a smoke detector on a ceiling), the decision needs to be justified, taking into account:
the height of the task
whether a handhold is still available to steady yourself before and after the task
whether it is light work
whether it avoids side loading
whether it avoids overreaching
whether the stepladder can be tied (e.g. when side-on working)
Ultimate safety guide to working at height: Combination and multi-purpose ladders
Combination and multi-purpose ladders can be used as stepladders, a variation of stepladders or leaning ladders. Combination ladders are sometimes referred to as ‘A’ frame ladders and these types of ladders can be used in a variety of different configurations. You should:
check to ensure that any locking mechanism is properly engaged before use
always recheck the locking mechanism if the setup of the ladder is changed
on three-part combination ladders, never extend the top section (the section extending above the A frame) beyond the limit marked on the ladder and specified in the user manual
Where ladders should be used
As a guide, only use a ladder:
on firm ground
on level ground – refer to the manufacturer’s pictograms on the side of the ladder. Use proprietary levelling devices, not ad-hoc packing such as bricks, blocks, timbers etc
on clean, solid surfaces (paving slabs, floors etc). These need to be clean (no oil, moss or leaf litter) and free of loose material (sand, packaging materials etc) so the feet can grip. Shiny floor surfaces can be slippery even without contamination
where it will not be struck by vehicles (protect the area using suitable barriers or cones)
where it will not be pushed over by other hazards such as doors or windows, i.e., secure the doors (not fire exits) and windows where possible
where the general public are prevented from using it, walking underneath it or being at risk because they are too near (use barriers, cones or, as a last resort, a person standing guard at the base)
where it has been secured
Securing ladders and ladders used for access
There are various options available for securing ladders:
Tie the ladder to a suitable point, making sure both stiles are tied
Where this is not practical, secure the ladder with an effective ladder stability device
If this is not possible, securely wedge the ladder (e.g. wedge the stiles against a wall)
If you cannot achieve any of these options, foot the ladder – footing is the last resort.
Ladders used for access
In general:
Ladders used to access another level should be tied and extend at least 1 m above the landing point to provide a secure handhold
At ladder access points, a self-closing gate is recommended
Stepladders should not be used to access another level unless they have been specifically designed for this.
Inspecting the condition of ladders
An important element in our ultimate safety guide for working at height is inspections. Employers need to make sure that any ladder or stepladder is both suitable for the work task and in a safe condition before use. As a guide, only use ladders or stepladders that:
have no visible defects – they should have a pre-use check each working day
have an up-to-date record of the detailed visual inspections carried out regularly by a competent person. These should be done in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Ladders that are part of a scaffold system still have to be inspected every seven days as part of the scaffold inspection requirements
are suitable for the intended use, i.e. are strong and robust enough for the job
have been maintained and stored in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
A detailed visual inspection is similar to pre-use checks, in that it is used to spot defects and can be done on site by a competent employee. Pre-use checks make sure that a ladder is safe to use and are for the immediate benefit of the ladder user. These checks do not need to be recorded. Any problems or issues should be reported to a manager.
Detailed visual inspections are the responsibility of the employer. They should be carried out at fixed intervals and recorded. Records of these inspections provide a snapshot of the state of the ladders over time. When doing an inspection, look for:
damaged or worn ladder feet
twisted, bent or dented stiles
cracked, worn, bent or loose rungs
missing or damaged tie rods
cracked or damaged welded joints, loose rivets or damaged stays
Pre-use checks and inspections of ladder stability devices and other accessories should be performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Consider any trends in defect reporting which may suggest that they ladders are not being maintained or are not suitable for the work task being conducted.
While BS2037 and BS1129 have been withdrawn, ladders originally made to these standards prior to their withdrawal may still be used (subject to following user instructions and guidance on safe use).
Conclusion
The success to any working at height activity is in the planning. As an employer you should ensure that all working at height tasks are carefully planned, use the correct equipment and that workers are competent to carry out the activity. This ultimate safety guide to working at height should help you plan for such work activities and, if you require advice or support for your business, please contact one of the Ashbrooke team.
Unsafe working at height activity has resulted in a carpentry and joinery company being fined after a man working unsecured on the forks of a fork-lift truck fell 3.5 metres to the ground.
On 14 June 2021, the man was working for Staircraft Group Limited at their head office site at Bayton Road Industrial Estate, Exhall, Coventry.
The employee was working from an unsecured stillage on the forks of a fork-lift truck in order to clean office windows at height. The stillage tipped and the employee fell 3.5 metres to the ground. As a result of the incident, he sustained a broken leg and an injury to his elbow.
An investigation by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) found the company failed to identify that using a stillage to lift someone on the forks of a forklift truck, a method that they had used before, was unsafe. There was a lack of training for employees on the dangers of working at height without the proper equipment and there were no systems of work or risk assessments in place.
At Redditch Magistrates’ Court Staircraft Group Limited, of Bayton Road Industrial Estate, Exhall, Coventry pleaded guilty to breaching Section 2(1) of the Health and Safety at Work etc Regulations 1974 and was fined £200,000 and ordered to pay costs of £6,477.93.
“The employee’s injuries were very serious, and he could have easily been killed.
“This serious incident could so easily have been avoided by simply carrying out correct control measures and safe working practices.
“Companies should be aware that HSE will not hesitate to take appropriate enforcement action against those that fall below the required standards.”
HSE inspector Rebecca Whiley
Employers have a duty to assess the risks of working at height and to eliminate or reduce risks as far as reasonably practicable. The Work at Height Regulations 2005 impose duties on employers to ensure that activities which are required to take place at height are conducted safely.
Work at height means work in any place where, if precautions were not taken, a person could fall a distance liable to cause personal injury. This includes work above ground/floor level, locations where you could fall from an edge, through an opening or fragile surface or could fall from ground level into an opening in a floor or a hole in the ground
Work at height does not include a slip or a trip on the level, as a fall from height has to involve a fall from one level to a lower level, nor does it include walking up and down a permanent staircase in a building.
Unsafe working at height can occur when tasks are not properly planned. The Regulations apply to all work at height, where there is risk of a fall liable to cause personal injury. They place duties on employers, and those who control any work at height activity (such as facilities managers or building owners who may contract others to work at height). As part of the Regulations, you must ensure:
all work at height is properly planned and organised
those involved in work at height are competent
the risks from work at height are assessed, and appropriate work equipment is selected and used
the risks of working on or near fragile surfaces are properly managed
the equipment used for work at height is properly inspected and maintained
Before working at height, you must follow these simple steps:
avoid work at height where it is reasonably practicable to do so
where work at height cannot be easily avoided, prevent falls using either an existing place of work that is already safe or the right type of equipment
minimise the distance and consequences of a fall, by using the right type of equipment where the risk cannot be eliminated
Unsafe working at height can occur when tasks are not properly planned. In planning a work at height task, you should:
do as much work as possible from the ground
ensure workers can get safely to and from where they work at height
ensure equipment is suitable, stable and strong enough for the job, maintained and checked regularly
not overload or overreach when working at height
take precautions when working on or near fragile surfaces
provide protection from falling objects
consider emergency evacuation and rescue procedures
What about ladders?
Unsafe working can occur if ladders are used inappropriately. The law says that ladders can be used for work at height when a risk assessment has shown that using equipment offering a higher level of fall protection is not justified because of the low risk and short duration of use; or there are existing workplace features which cannot be altered.
Short duration is not the deciding factor in establishing whether an activity is acceptable or not – you should have first considered the risk. As a guide, if your task would require staying up a leaning ladder or stepladder for more than 30 minutes at a time, it is recommended that you consider alternative equipment.
You should only use ladders in situations where they can be used safely, e.g. where the ladder will be level and stable, and where its reasonably practicable to do so, the ladder can be secured.
Transport safety failures resulted in a company being fined £380,000 after a bus caused life-changing injuries to one of its employees when they were between a reversing bus and a stationary vehicle.
The employee of Stagecoach Devon Limited was working at the company’s Torquay depot on the morning of 3 October 2019. Due to space limitations, buses often had to reverse to be able to leave the depot in readiness for the day’s work. The sole banksman, who would direct vehicles, was occupied at the top of the depot where most buses were parked.
As a result, it became custom and practice for the bus drivers at the front of the depot to reverse without a banksman, or to assist each other when reversing, despite not being trained as banksmen.
The injured employee, who was caught between a reversing bus and a stationary vehicle, suffered compound multiple fractures of his arm requiring six titanium plates and 65 metal staples between his wrist and elbow.
An investigation by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) found that Stagecoach failed to put a suitable and sufficient risk assessment in place.
This should have identified the risks inherent in the bus parking layout and action could have been taken to remove the need to reverse or mitigate the risks from reversing. For example, changing the parking layout, providing a sufficient number of trained banksmen for peak times, and improved segregation of vehicles and pedestrians.
At Plymouth Magistrates Court Stagecoach Devon Limited of Stockport, pleaded guilty to breaching Section 2(1) of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The company was fined £380,000 and ordered to pay costs of £18,000.
“Those in control of work have a responsibility to devise safe methods of working and to provide the necessary information, instruction and training to their workers in the safe system of work.
“If a suitable safe system of work had been in place prior to the incident, the life changing injuries sustained by the employee could have been prevented.”
HSE Inspector James Collins
Employers who operate depots must ensure that a suitable and sufficient risk assessment is undertaken covering the transport risks to ensure transport safety failures do not occur. When considering the risks from vehicle manoeuvring, employers must ensure that vehicles have large enough windscreens (with wipers where necessary) and external mirrors to provide an all-round field of vision. It is often worthwhile adding extra mirrors to reduce blind spots for drivers. Side mirrors can allow drivers of larger vehicles to see cyclists and pedestrians alongside their vehicles and can be effective in improving visibility around the vehicle from the driving position. These mirrors are fitted to larger road-going vehicles as standard.
Drivers should not place items in the windscreen area or in the way of mirrors or monitors, where they might impede visibility from the driving position. The area of the windscreen that is kept clear by the wipers should not be obscured, and nor should the side windows. Windows and mirrors will also normally need to be kept clean and in good repair. Dirt or cracks can make windows or mirrors less effective.
Some types of vehicles (such as straddle carriers, large shovel loaders and some large quarry vehicles) often have poor visibility from the cab. Visibility can be poor to the side or front of a vehicle as well as behind and loads on vehicles can severely limit the visibility from the driving position.
Lift trucks and compact dumper vehicles in particular can have difficulty with forward visibility when they are transporting bulky loads. Employers should recognise these risks in their risk assessment and think about ways to minimise them.
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) may help drivers to see clearly behind or around the vehicle. CCTV can cover most blind spots and the cost of fitting CCTV systems has fallen since the technology was first developed. Companies who have fitted CCTV have found that it can reduce the number of reversing accidents, so the systems usually pay for themselves in a few years.
Colour systems can provide a clearer image where there is little contrast (for example, outside on an overcast day). However, black-and-white systems normally provide a better image in lower light or darkness, and usually come with infra-red, which can be more effective than standard cameras at night.
Monitors should have adjustable contrast, brightness and resolution controls to make them useful in the different light conditions in which they will be used. Drivers may need to use a hood to shield any monitor from glare.
If possible, fit the camera for a CCTV system high up in the middle of the vehicle’s rear (one camera), or in the upper corners (two cameras). This will provide a greater field of vision and a better angle for the driver to judge distance and provide. It also keeps the camera clear of dust and spray, and out of the reach of thieves or vandals.
However, CCTV systems do have some limitations which employers should consider:
If the vehicle leaves a darker area to a more strongly lit area (for example, driving out of a building) the system may need time to adjust to the brightness.
A dirty lens will make a camera much less effective.
Drivers may find it difficult to judge heights and distances.
Drivers should not be complacent about safety even with CCTV systems installed as this can result in transport safety failures. They should be trained in proper use of the equipment and employers have a duty to provide such training and instruction.
Reversing alarms may be drowned out by other noise or may be so common on a busy site that pedestrians do not take any notice. It can also be hard to know exactly where an alarm is coming from, and people who are less able to hear are also at greater risk. Alarms can also disturb nearby residents. However, reversing alarms may be appropriate (based on the risk assessment) but might be most effectively used with other measures, such as warning lights.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has successfully undertaken a prosecution following the death of a seven-year-old child over construction site safety. The civil engineering firm involved has been fined £600K for safety breaches after the child became trapped and suffocated.
The seven-year-old went missing from home on the morning of 26 July 2015 and was found the next morning by workers at the construction site at Bank End Road, Worsborough, in South Yorkshire.
An investigation by the HSE found that the child had become trapped in a drainage pipe, which had been fixed into the ground in preparation for the installation of fencing posts. Tragically, he had suffocated before being found the next morning when work restarted on site.
The construction site was a new-build housing development next to an existing housing estate and adjacent to busy pedestrian footpaths and roads. The HSE investigation found that there was insufficient fencing in place to prevent unauthorised persons from accessing the construction site due to a combination of poor planning, management and monitoring of the site and its perimeter.
HSE photograph
“Conley should never have been able to be on that site. He should have been kept out. The construction industry should be aware of the dangers of construction sites to members of the public and any other unauthorised persons.
“The dangers to children gaining access to construction sites and treating them like a playground is an ongoing problem which must be addressed at all types of sites no matter what their complexity or size.
“The industry must do all it can to ensure children can’t access construction sites and be exposed to the inherent risks they present to prevent further tragedies like this from occurring.”
HSE inspector Paul Yeadon
Construction site safety is vital as such sites are dangerous work environments but are also interesting places for children. All construction sites require measures to manage access across defined boundaries; and steps to exclude unauthorised people.
While the numbers of children being killed or injured on construction sites has reduced, there is no room for complacency. Each year, two or three children die after gaining access to building sites, and many more are injured. Also, members of the public are seriously injured by materials or tools falling outside the site boundary, falling into trenches or being struck by moving plant and vehicles.
Some children are drawn to construction sites as exciting places to play. Those managing construction sites must do everything they can to keep children out of the site and away from danger. The following specific steps are particularly relevant to child safety:
Secure sites adequately when finishing work for the day.
Barrier off or cover over excavations and pits.
Isolate and immobilise vehicles and plant and if possible, lock them in a compound.
Store building materials (such as pipes, manhole rings, and cement bags) so that they cannot topple or roll over.
Remove access ladders from excavations and scaffolds.
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